Saturday, May 23, 2020

Bartolome de Las Casas Book Review - 973 Words

An Account much abbreviated of the destruction of the Indies, Indianapolis, IN, Hackett Publishing Company INC., 2003 Bartolme De Las Casas is an interesting character. His passion for people who at the time were seen as a sub species of humans (if even human at all) is remarkable. De Las Casas came from a modest family and was well educated. He was brought into the world of the America s through his father Pedro De Las Casas who was an encomiendo himself. His travels through the New World prior to 1510 when he became an ordained priest shaped his crusade to defend the Natives. There are many clues in this book which point to the exaggeration of its content. For instance at one point De Las Casas goes as far as to say that 12 million†¦show more content†¦De Las Casas did affect King Charles the 5th and in 1542 after reading Brevisima Relacion he quickly created the New Laws which conveniently put an end to some of the rights of the encomienda which the monarch felt gave too much power to Spanish land owners in the Americas. De Las Casas gave the King the perfect excuse to take power back from the encomiendos justifying it with Christianity which the Spanish monarchs were responsible to uphold. The political system of the time and its relation to the Catholic Church makes every situation involving members of the clergy to have political repercussions. The royals used De Las Casas to take power back for them selves; De Las Casas used his political leverage and the crowns responsibility to protect the values of Christianity to aid his cause. While it is clear what the monarchs gain from De Las Casas was, De Las Casas passion to help the Indians seems purely genuine to me. Although at times reading the book I became frustrated and bored (even while I read such brutal details and events) I understand the need for the exaggerations and over done dramatics. Even though it is not 100% true that De Las Casas witnessed all the horrible events that he described it is true that they did occur. The means justifies the end in this case and the need for attention at this time to the terrible treatment of the Natives was worth the repetitive and at timesShow MoreRelatedBartolome De Las Casas Book Review Essay examples979 Words   |  4 PagesBartolme De Las Casas is an interesting character. His passion for people who at the time were seen as a sub species of humans (if even human at all) is remarkable. De Las Casas came from a modest family and was well educated. He was brought into the world of the Americas through his father Pedro D e Las Casas who was an encomiendo himself. His travels through the New World prior to 1510 when he became an ordained priest shaped his crusade to defend the Natives. There are many clues in this book whichRead More The Devastation of the Indies and Movie The Mission Essay2335 Words   |  10 PagesThe Devastation of the Indies and Movie The Mission The Mission and Bartolome De Las Casas book, The Devestation of the Indies Although The Mission and Bartolomà © De Las Casas book, The Devastation of the Indies portray events that took place over two centuries apart, similar features and effects of colonization are apparent in each account. Slight differences in viewpoints are evident, such as The Missions portrayal of the natives in a more humane fashion, but this goes along with the evolutionRead MoreThe Lost Truth : The Western Civilization2828 Words   |  12 PagesE. 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To explain Columbus presence in Portugal, his son Fernando tells a fascinating but hardly believable story. Having made numerous trips throughout theRead MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 PagesSpanish Colonial Period Chapter Review Arch 117 Abegail Imee R. Enriquez 2012-68836 Spanish Colonial Period How does Spanish Colonial architecture reflect Filipino identity? Discuss the various building types and their relationship to pre-colonial architecture in your arguments. Spanish colonial architecture reflects Filipino identity mostly through the Religious Architecture. 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Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Graduation Speech At Utah Valley University - 873 Words

Ever since I could remember my parents told me that college was key to being successful in life, if you didn t attend a good college your life was most likely not going to be a very happy one. This message stay throughout my life , education was of great importance and college was the key factor of where you ended up in life. High school counselors, teachers, parents, and mentors all emphasized that the better the college you attend the more opportunities you ll have. Being a high school senior and having to think seriously about the future now, I applied for many schools and landed at Utah Valley University, a great feeder school for Brigham Young University. I attended Utah Valley University for 1 semester and I really enjoyed many aspects of going to a university but decided to go back home to orange county and attend a community college instead, Coastline Community College. I have so far been enrolled at coastline for about a month and can see the likenesses and the differences b etween the university life and the community college life. I can see no college is alike, and that doesn t mean one college is better than another. It took transferring to a community college to see that not even a university is better than a community college. Utah Valley University and Coastline Community College, weren t the same type of school but actually had quite a bit of similarities. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Human Resource Armor Free Essays

Introduction Edelman and Suchman points out that labor lawsuit judgment identify how a legal environment—which embodies legal, social and cultural norms—can diffuse liabilities brought upon by management instances (Biggert, 1997).   The constitution has provided several laws that state the rights of employees in any form of organization.   Private or government-owned, all companies must adhere to these laws and see to it that these rights are well exercised by any member of staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Armor or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Ã‚   From the top executive down to the mechanical worker, every individual are entitled to these rights inasmuch as they are expected to follow the laws that comes along with their job description.   In such way, the law provides immunity both to the employer and employee in collaboration with creating a harmonious environment within the agency. Hence, apart from these laws stated in the constitution, there are also regulations crafted by the organization which is agreed upon by the body as a whole and neither one shall defeat the purpose of such.   In the light, labor management suggests the importance of social justice and thereby encompasses disparity (Mezias, 2002). Interpretation of labor A legal regulation in contracts divulged to in the context of labor is a central part in any organization or firm’s policy configuration.    The scope and focal purpose of a legal regulation may or may not be detrimental to labor—either that of mass disruption approach or perspective with party control.   Such theories are analyzed in both anti-labor and pro-labor laws, thus the results came up favorable with the latter given that the policies were found inconclusive with the small sample sizes of the studies conducted.   Conceivably, the said laws are weighed and strategically investigated in consideration with several variables—economic, class, society—to come up with more feasible outputs which will later be used beneficial to the concern of the general masses when it comes to the interpretation of labor (Biggert, 1997). Analysis on unemployment laws As mentioned earlier, unemployment laws hold only very few scrutiny since that there has only been a number of studies that have been conducted in aide of bringing up the best forms of ruling that will inhibit the importance of such in a state.   More specifically, the challenges that are bound in unemployment laws are rarely deliberated by administrations for the reason that most hardships in managerial activities appear during the verge of employment compared to that on pre-employment matters. Basically, the laws that appear to be most challenging are those that extend or restrict the rights of labor in and around the workplace and those regulations that abide on the level of contract involved (Mezias, 2002). Unemployment compensation is apparently the main issue in laborers that fall inside the aforementioned bracket.   In essence, it relates to wages and hours standards, union rights, collective bargaining, health and safety, prevailing wages and discrimination. All these are perceivably retained to render security to these individuals and in the long run help them in building up a new foundation of their new course in life. Challenges in labor management among the unemployed Organizational behavior emphasizes the importance of labor-ness and the principal beneficiaries of the concerned laborer.   In stereotypical analysis on unemployment laws over the past few decades, it has been sought that the so-called â€Å"basic† benefits are already considered as a part of every contract and that the other unprecedented features that other firms offer—gradually dependent to the contract—are beyond the scope of the unemployment laws which are designed by the government alone. The dilemma then flows on the application of these â€Å"extended benefits†Ã¢â‚¬â€such as the social welfare security, union passages, beneficiaries, pensions and other related pro-labor regulations provided by the management concerned.   But that does not just end there, the possibility of shifts in party or breach in contracts also come at hand. Trends that mark importance of â€Å"democracy† are also a part of this domain of â€Å"challengers,† needless to say that the result of these coalitions though union groups are still considered as polity members, however, the contract may be considered violated and therefore nullify the benefits (Mezias, 2002). Court decisions on labor-related cases Legal proceedings concerning labor lawsuit judgments are referenced in contemporary hearings.   In the case of foreign direct investments, foreign subsidiaries find face disadvantages and unparalleled liabilities among domestic firms due to information asymmetries and transaction costs.   The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 are examples of laws that build up the foundation of these rights of laborers and somehow seem to exert strong influence on employee to employer relations (Mezias, 2002). Conclusions and further remarks Human resource practices help organizations in achieving social justice among its participating parties and build a sturdy foundation of law-abiding citizens.   It helps in eradicating the rise of ambiguous laws and hones organizations to create a normative environment that will work in a systematic order and balance the biases of humanistic egoisms. References Biggert, R. (1997). Why Labor Wins, Why Labor Loses: A Test of Two Theories. The Sociological Quarterly, 38(1). Mezias, J. M. (2002). Identifying Liabilities of Foreignness and Strategies to Minimize Their Effects: The Case of Labor Lawsuit Judgments in the United States. Strategic Management Journal, 23(3). How to cite Human Resource Armor, Essay examples

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Expert Notes Gene Correction for Methods & Protocols â€Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Gene Correction for Methods and Protocols. Answer: Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a decently discovered class of small non-coding RNAs of length around 22-25 nucleotides, which participate in gene regulation at a post-transcriptional level. Lin-4 in C. elegans was the first miRNA identified, which plays significant role in the temporal control of post-embryonic development in the organism (He et al. 2005). Studies have revealed that apart from temporal control of developmental stages, miRNAs have widespread functions in various aspects of development and physiology. They usually bind to 3 Untranslated Region in mRNAs that are found to be hugely conserved over a wide range of protein-coding genes. The target recognition of miRNAs span a region of 2-7 of the nucleotide sequence, located at the 5 end (Griffiths-Jones et al. 2006). Its crucial functions demand the biogenesis of the RNAs to be strictly regulated at several levels and any dysfunction of its regulation is often associated with cancers and various neurodegenerative disorders. MiRNA genes are widespread and abundant in the genomes of various organisms and as many as 2,588 miRNA genes are found in human. Precursor miRNAs are produced by RNA polymerase II which are then processed by RNase III enzymes DORSHA and DICER in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell respectively. Various non-canonical pathways are being discovered for miRNA biogenesis. The significant role played by the miRNA in maintain the normal physiology and development of an organism has enabled scientists to use it as a diagnostic as prognostic biomarker for various cancers, heart diseases and neurological disorders. It has been widely established that miRNA act as inhibitors of protein synthesis either by translational repression or by mRNA degradation. In addition to mRNA silencing Eiring et al. in 2010 found that miRNAs can interfere with functions of regulatory proteins to affect gene transcription. Further Lytle et al. (2007) elucidated that miRNA can bind to sites on the target miRNA other th an 3 UTR such as 5 UTR binding sites. It has been stated that miRNA can also act as translation activator at certain extreme condition in the cell (Vasudevan, Tong and Steitz 2007). Deregulation in miRNA biogenesis and consequently in the levels of miRNA are related to the incidence of various diseases that include cancers, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. The role of miRNA was discovered in concern to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The regions where miR-15 and miR-16 genes are located were found to be deleted in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, indicating its potential role as a tumour suppressor (Calin et al. 2002). Other studies over the years have established that miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors in pathways that have been related to cancer prognosis. Deregulation of miRNAs can be caused by several mechanisms that influence the transcription factors controlling the biogenesis of miRNAs in a target specific manner. The mechanisms may include mutation, deletion or amplification of miRNA genes or dysregulation of transcription factors. Several lines of studies have indicated that miRNA plays a dual role in cancer metastases. It has been found to up regulate cell migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. On the contrary other studies show that restored levels of certain miRNA in breast cancer can suppress metasta sis by overall tumour growth and decreased time of relapse. Similarly studies have shown down regulated levels of miRNA in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Autoimmune diseases like the most prevalent and chronic Psoriasis, Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematous have been associated with dysregulation of various miRNAs. The functions of miRNA in neuronal development are well-established to this date. MiRNA has been used as a biomarker for several motor and neurocognitive diseases like Alzheimers, Huntingtons and Parkinsons diseases. MiRNA is also related to the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders like Schizophrenia, autism, Fragile X syndrome, depression and addiction. Hence, the regulatory roles of miRNA in pathogenesis and diagnosis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders have paved the way for therapeutic intervention in miRNA specific manner and extensive researches are being undertaken to explore the use of miRNA as a therapeutic tool. The initial barrier to utilize miRNA as a therapeutic toll is to identify the specific gene coding for miRNAs and its tiny regulators. The conserved nature of its sequences has been exploited for the purpose of gene identification for miRNAs. Sequence conservation between various organisms has led to the miRNA genes have been identified by computational methods. The detection of the miRNA targets in mRNA are another barrier for in vitro experimental purposes, although computational methods have evolved and are still developing to overcome this hurdle in large-scale experiments. The fact that levels of many miRNA are deregulated in different disease has encouraged scientists to explore the therapeutic applications of miRNA. The basic hurdle for such a feat is the delivery of miRNA to targeted regions. It has been found that naked miRNAs are degraded in vivo and hence delivery systems are required to develop therapeutic applications and restore normal levels of the molecule in diseased conditions (van Rooij, Purcell and Levin 2012). In case of neurodegenerative disease and psychiatric disorders the regions affected are primarily various parts of the brain. Currently two strategies, agonistic and antagonistic approaches are employed to modify abnormal levels of miRNA in the body. In agonistic approach the decreased miRNA levels are restored by miRNA mimics and in antagonistic approach overexpressed miRNAs are suppressed by anti-miR. As these naked molecules are prone to enzyme degradation in the body, efficient and stable delivery systems need to be developed. Several strategies have been discovered to overcome this hurdle. Initially chemical modification of miRNA molecules such a replacing the phosphodiester bonds with other functional groups were proposed, however, such modifications led to production of toxic metabolic by-products and reduced miRNA activity (Rupaimoole et al. 2011). In this regard viral vector systems are a relatively older strategy. Many viruses have been studied for this purpose such as recombinant adeno-associated virus, retrovirus and lentivirus. The selection criteria depend on various factors like specific tropoism, efficient transgene expression and effectively crossing the blood-brain-barrier (Wen 2016). The primary drawback of using a viral vector as a delivery system is the immunogenicity of the virus and oncogenic transformation by viruses. Further, production of high-quality and high-quantity viral vectors is another barrier to the pharmaceutical and commercial companies, leading to limited application of vi ral vectors. On the contrary non-viral vectors have certain advantages like lack of immunogenicity, high stability and easy modification. Recent researches have explored various non-viral vector systems for miRNA therapeutic purposes. Some of them include lipid-based carriers, gold nanoparticles, cationic polymer based carriers, carbon based carriers and magnetic nanoparticles. Gaining knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of these particles and the need to produce disease specific carrier systems for long term gene expression or knockdown requires a lot of future research in this domain. Further, ethical issues regarding clinical targets is another overwhelming barrier for miRNA therapeutic applications. Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that affects the shape of the bloods cells reducing availability of functional blood cells and consequently the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. The shape of normal red blood cells is somewhat round facilitating easy passage through small blood vessels. It is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting chromosome 11. Normal haemoglobin is classified into groups A, A2 and F. In sickle cell disease an abnormal chain results in the formation of haemoglobin S in which the chain contains valine instead of glutamic acid (Bender and Seibel 2014). The abnormal haemoglobin S polymerizes resulting in deformed red blood cell shape. Retardation of blood flow, mechanical vaso-occlution, and lack of oxygen tension enhances the rate of polymerization of Hb S (Dubay, Krebs and Thresh 2015). Sickle cell disease is an example of point mutation of the - chain gene of haemoglobin. The single amino acid difference (glutamic acid to va line) results in collapse of the red blood cells, making the body to produce more red blood cells to compensate for the loss. This puts an overwhelming burden on several other organs of the body casing various clinical symptoms. Typical symptoms of the disease include pain, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, liver disease, cardiovascular abnormalities and neurological disorders. The disease is predominant in African Americans and the population of middle-east. The disease can be prevented by genetic examination of couples prior to conceiving. The treatment of the disease includes primarily pain management and other pharmacological interventions and in extreme cases surgery and organ transplantations. The single point mutation found in sickle cell disease can be corrected by site specific double-strand breaks produced by the CRISPR/Cas 9 system (Chu et al. 2015). To have control over the particular sequence that has undergone a double stranded break i.e. the allele with a point mutation in the chain of haemoglobin, we can use plasmid-based systems that can recognize and but DNA at specific sites. These plasmids can be used to cut the allele in chromosome 11 that has been mutated. A high degree of homology is required to repair the damaged DNA and restore the normal form of the allele so that normal chains of Hb are produced. Three sgRNAs were constructed that can bind to the target site in the DNA. After binding, Cas9/sg RNAs will produce a double stranded break in the DNA which then will be repaired by homology directed repair (HDR) which will result in inserting the correct nucleotide into the allele and restoring the mutation. Linearized plasmids are required for transfection . However, recent studies conclude those single stranded donor oligonucleotides (ssODNs) are more efficient for about 50bp mutations or single point mutations (Alam et al. 2014). The templates for ssODNs can be 100-200 bps in length with a Cas9 break point at the centre of the template. Non-homologous end joining pathways can also be used to repair a double strand break. Studies report than non-homologous end joining pathways are more efficient in inserting plasmid genome into the genome of target (Davis and Chen 2013). The pathway recruits a wide range of proteins that perform synapsis, preparation and ligation of the cut DNAs. Similar to homology directed repair mechanism CRISPR/Cas9 system can be utilized to make cuts at the desired site in the chromosome. After the cuts the broken ends can be recognised by Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer. Recruitment of kinase, ligase and other factors hold the DNA together to form a paired complex which is then ligated to repair the break (Btermier, Bertrand and Lopez 2014). Hence it can be used to insert and exogenous nucleotide by Cas9 mediated break. The plasmids that need to be designed for this purpose will contain no homologous sequence with our target gene. The donor will contain a promoter less ires-eGFP and a single sgRNA target site at 5 end of the ires-eGFP (single-cut). Any possibility of frameshift mutation due to non-homologous end joining repair was avoided by using the ires element. Non homologous end joining can be obtained by single cut vectors that cleave the DNA at a single site on the 5 end or by double cut that cleave the DNA at two different sites and then promote repair simultaneously. In general non homologous end joining repair carries a two-third chance of producing a frame shift mutation mediated by indel error. IF double cut plasmids are used to repair the gene of our interest the efficiency of knock in will have a higher probability to be reduced. Hence, for efficient correction of the mutation found in sickle cell disease single cut plasmids should be used preferably. References Alam, M.R., Thazhathveetil, A.K., Li, H. and Seidman, M.M., 2014. Preparation and Application of Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotides and Single Strand Oligonucleotide Donors for Gene Correction.Gene Correction: Methods and Protocols, pp.103-113. Bender, M.A. and Seibel, G.D., 2014. Sickle cell disease. Btermier, M., Bertrand, P. and Lopez, B.S., 2014. Is non-homologous end-joining really an inherently error-prone process?.PLoS Genet,10(1), p.e1004086 Branzei, D. and Foiani, M., 2008. Regulation of DNA repair throughout the cell cycle.Nature reviews Molecular cell biology,9(4), pp.297-308. Calin, G.A., Dumitru, C.D., Shimizu, M., Bichi, R., Zupo, S., Noch, E., Aldler, H., Rattan, S., Keating, M., Rai, K. and Rassenti, L., 2002. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,99(24), pp.15524-15529. Chu, V.T., Weber, T., Wefers, B., Wurst, W., Sander, S., Rajewsky, K. and Khn, R., 2015. Increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair for CRISPR-Cas9-induced precise gene editing in mammalian cells.Nature biotechnology,33(5), pp.543-548 Davis, A.J. and Chen, D.J., 2013. DNA double strand break repair via non-homologous end-joining.Translational cancer research,2(3), p.130 Dubay, J., Krebs, D. and Thresh, L., 2015. Sickle Cell Anemia. Eiring, A.M., Harb, J.G., Neviani, P., Garton, C., Oaks, J.J., Spizzo, R., Liu, S., Schwind, S., Santhanam, R., Hickey, C.J. and Becker, H., 2010. miR-328 functions as an RNA decoy to modulate hnRNP E2 regulation of mRNA translation in leukemic blasts.Cell,140(5), pp.652-665. Griffiths-Jones, S., Grocock, R.J., Van Dongen, S., Bateman, A. and Enright, A.J., 2006. miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature.Nucleic acids research,34(suppl 1), pp.D140-D144. He, L., Thomson, J.M., Hemann, M.T., Hernando-Monge, E., Mu, D., Goodson, S., Powers, S., Cordon-Cardo, C., Lowe, S.W., Hannon, G.J. and Hammond, S.M., 2005. A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene.Nature,435(7043), pp.828-833. Hsu, P.D., Lander, E.S. and Zhang, F., 2014. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering.Cell,157(6), pp.1262-1278. Lytle, J.R., Yario, T.A. and Steitz, J.A., 2007. Target mRNAs are repressed as efficiently by microRNA-binding sites in the 5 UTR as in the 3 UTR.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,104(23), pp.9667-9672. Nicoloso, M.S., Spizzo, R., Shimizu, M., Rossi, S. and Calin, G.A., 2009. MicroRNAsthe micro steering wheel of tumour metastases.Nature Reviews Cancer,9(4), pp.293-302. Rupaimoole, R., Han, H.D., Lopez-Berestein, G. and Sood, A.K., 2011. MicroRNA therapeutics: principles, expectations, and challenges.Chinese journal of cancer,30(6), p.368. van Rooij, E., Purcell, A.L. and Levin, A.A., 2012. Developing microRNA therapeutics.Circulation research,110(3), pp.496-507. Vasudevan, S., Tong, Y. and Steitz, J.A., 2007. Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can up-regulate translation.Science,318(5858), pp.1931-1934. Wen, M.M., 2016. Getting miRNA Therapeutics into the Target Cells for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Mini-Review.Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience,9, p.129. Yourgenome.org. (2016). What is sickle cell anaemia?. [online] Available at: https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-sickle-cell-anaemia [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016].